【定语从句用法】在英语语法中,定语从句是用于修饰名词或代词的从句,起到“定语”的作用。它通常由关系代词(如 who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(如 when, where, why)引导。掌握定语从句的用法,有助于更准确、自然地表达复杂的意思。
一、定语从句的基本结构
定语从句一般由以下三部分构成:
1. 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。
2. 关系词:引导从句的词(关系代词或关系副词)。
3. 从句:对先行词进行说明的句子。
例如:
The book that I bought is very interesting.
- 先行词:the book
- 关系词:that
- 从句:I bought
二、常见关系词及用法总结
关系词 | 用法说明 | 举例 |
who | 指人,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The man who is talking to Mary is my teacher. |
whom | 指人,在从句中作宾语(口语中常省略) | The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister. |
whose | 表示所属关系,指人或物 | The student whose essay won the prize is from Class 2. |
which | 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The car which is parked outside is mine. |
that | 指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The person that called me is a friend. |
when | 指时间,在从句中作时间状语 | I still remember the day when we first met. |
where | 指地点,在从句中作地点状语 | This is the house where I was born. |
why | 指原因,在从句中作原因状语 | That’s the reason why he left early. |
三、定语从句的注意事项
1. 关系词不能省略的情况:
- 当关系词在从句中作宾语时,若前置的是人称代词(如 him, her),则不能省略。
- 例如:The boy whom I saw is my brother.(不可说:The boy I saw is my brother.)
2. that 和 which 的区别:
- 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用 which,不能用 that。
- 例如:My sister, who lives in Shanghai, is coming to visit.
3. 当先行词是 all, everything, something 等不定代词时,通常用 that 引导从句。
- 例如:I have told everything that happened.
4. 当先行词是 the only, the very, the same 等时,常用 that 引导从句。
- 例如:This is the best movie that I’ve ever seen.
四、总结
定语从句是英语中非常重要的语法结构,合理使用可以增强语言的表现力和准确性。通过掌握关系词的正确用法、注意从句的结构以及常见的特殊用法,可以更灵活地运用定语从句来表达复杂的思想。建议多做练习题,结合实际语境进行理解和应用。